Apparently in Rails you need to manually set the MIME-Type of attachments, otherwise their filesize, filetype and other Metadata are not properly recognized by the E-Mail client and images will not be displayed within the html e-mail.
In this case using the hash :mime_type and the corresponding value 'image/png' in the rails controller solved this problem:
attachments.inline["img.png"] = {:data => File.read('img.png'), :mime_type => 'image/png'}
Comments
This problem falls into the category of "small details that you just have to know". Usually it would require googling the problem for some time, but you provided a straight to the point answer with a good code example. Good solution